Asylum Seekers in Canada: Process, Challenges & Support
Canada is known worldwide as a welcoming destination for people fleeing persecution, war, and human rights abuses. Asylum seekers come here seeking safety, but the process is often complex and emotionally draining. This article explains who asylum seekers are, how they differ from refugees and immigrants, how Canada’s asylum system works, and what challenges they face — along with the support systems in place.
Who Is an Asylum Seeker?
An asylum seeker is someone who has fled their home country due to fear of persecution, conflict, or violence and is asking another country for protection. Unlike refugees, asylum seekers do not yet have officially recognized protected status. They must wait until Canadian authorities decide their case.
Asylum Seekers vs. Refugees vs. Immigrants
| Aspect | Asylum Seekers | Refugees | Immigrants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Entry Process | Submit claim on arrival or from within Canada | Recognized by UNHCR or Canadian resettlement programs | Apply through family, work, or economic immigration |
| Legal Status | Temporary, waiting for a decision | Protected status granted by Canada | Full legal rights under visa or PR |
| Reason for Entry | Fleeing persecution or violence | Fleeing persecution or violence | Economic opportunity, family reunification, education |
| Path to Residency | Only if claim approved | Supported resettlement pathway | - |
Canada’s Asylum Process
Making a Claim
- At a port of entry (airport or land border)
- Or inside Canada at an IRCC office
Eligibility & Security Screening
Canada reviews claims under its Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA). Security and identity checks are done. Claims can be refused under the Safe Third Country Agreement (with some exceptions).
Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB)
Eligible claims go to the IRB. An independent hearing is held, and claimants must present evidence.
Decision & Outcomes
- If approved: recognized as a refugee → apply for permanent residency
- If denied: possible appeal or judicial review
Challenges Faced by Asylum Seekers
- Long wait times & backlogs: months or years before hearings
- Mental health struggles: trauma and ongoing uncertainty
- Limited legal aid & financial hardship: many can’t work during the wait
- Integration challenges: language barriers and public misconceptions
Canada’s Resettlement Programs
- Government-Assisted Refugees (GAR): Identified by UNHCR; government supports financially for up to a year.
- Private Sponsorship of Refugees (PSR): Canadians or permanent residents sponsor refugees and provide support.
- Blended Visa Office-Referred (BVOR): Government and private sponsors share support responsibilities.
Benefits of Refugee Status
- Permanent residency → stability & full legal rights
- Healthcare through the IFHP until provincial coverage
- Work & study opportunities
- Path to citizenship after residency requirements
Support for Asylum Seekers While Waiting
- Temporary shelter and housing via NGOs and provinces
- Healthcare under the Interim Federal Health Program (IFHP)
- Financial support from provincial assistance
- Education for children & language classes for adults
- Employment support if eligible for work permits
- Community programs offering emotional and practical help
Conclusion
Canada remains a symbol of hope for thousands escaping danger. But for asylum seekers, the road to safety is long and complicated. Recognizing their challenges — and the programs in place to help them — reminds us why compassion and fair process matter.